Search for the potential electromagnetic counterparts of neutrino events in SDSS galaxies at z < 0.1

Heading: 
Astronomy and Astrophysics
1Sergijenko, O, 1Vavilova, IB, 1Izviekova, IO, 1Karakuts, DR, 1Kukhar, OM
1Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Space Sci. & Technol. 2025, 31 ;(6):094-105
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2025.06.094
Publication Language: English
Abstract: 
Шdentification of the electromagnetic emission in coincidence with the high-energy neutrinos is fundamentally important in multi
messenger astronomy. Such observations are essential for constraining the source localization, determining the source type, and understanding the emission mechanisms. Generally, they require following up a neutrino alert (there are 2 streams of alerts for IceCube: Gold, having at least 50 % probability of astrophysical origin, and Bronze, with such probaility of at least 30 %) with an electromagnetic facility (with the primary interest in X and gamma rays), but also involve an electromagnetic monitoring of the hotpots (points exceeding the instrument sensitivity) in the skymap provided by IceCube. The alternative approach is to perform the correlation analysis across the available neutrino events and catalogs of sources.
         We searched for spatial coincidence between galaxies from the SDSS and the high-energy neutrino events. The IceCube Gold alerts and the neutrino-electromagnetic coincidence events from AMON (Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network) identified until the end of September 2025 are considered. Galaxies from the Morphological catalog of galaxies at 0.02 < z < 0.1 (including 315,776 objects from SDSS DR9 with the absolute stellar magnitudes in the range of −24 m < Mr < −13m ) are examined. Among 59 IceCube Gold alerts, we found 3 with only 1 galaxy (SDSS J231231.52+033415.1) within the 50 % containment radius. Among 24 neutrino-electromagnetic coincidence events, there are also 3 with only 1 galaxy (SDSS J220711.14+122535.9) within the 50 % containment radius. These 6 galaxies are the most promising candidates for host galaxies of the neutrino sources. We summarize their available multiwavelength data and light curves taken from ZTF for the period 2018—2025  We also searched for spatial coincidence between the Milky Way analog candidate galaxies and the high-energy neutrino events.
Keywords: galaxies — objects: SDSS J220711.14+122535.8, multi-messenger astronomy, Neutrino astronomy, SDSS J220711.14+122535.9, transient sources
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