The tropical cyclone as an element of the Earth – atmosphere – ionosphere – magnetosphere system

1Chernogor, LF
1V.N. Karazin National University of Kharkiv, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Косм. наука технол. 2006, 12 ;(2-3):016-036
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2006.02.016
Publication Language: Russian
Abstract: 
The proposition that the tropical cyclone is an element of the land surface – ocean – atmosphere – ionosphere – magneto-sphere system is justified. A block-diagram model for the principal processes taking place in the system is developed. The system and its subsystems are shown to be nonlinear. The main mechanisms of the interaction between the subsystems are described. The feedbacks and feed forwards existing between the subsystems are characterized by significant energetics. The cyclone affects the upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magneto-sphere through acoustic gravity and electromagnetic waves as well as through quasi-steady electric fields.
Keywords: atmosphere, cyclone, electromagnetic waves
References: 
1. Aburdzhaniya G. D. Self-organization of acoustic-gravity vortices in the ionosphere before earthquakes. Fizika Plazmy, 22 (10), 954—958 (1996) [in Russian].
2. Aburjania G. D., Khantadze A. G. Large-scale electromagnetic wave structures in the ionospheric E region. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 42 (2), 245—251 (2002) [in Russian].
3. Artekha S. N., Erokhin N. S. Electromagnetic force and eddy processes in the atmosphere. In: The transformation of waves, coherent structures and turbulence: Proceedings of the international conference of the MSS-04, September 23—25, 2004, 326—331 (Rohos, Moscow, 2004) [in Russian].
4. Sedunov Yu. S., Avdiushin S. I., Borisenkov E. P., et al. (Eds.) Atmosphere Handbook, 510 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1991) [in Russian].
5. Bespalov P. A., Trakhtengerts V. Yu. Alfven Masers, 190 p. (Institute of Applied Physics AS USSR, Gorky, 1986) [in Russian].
6. Brekhovskikh L. M. Radiation of infrasound into the atmosphere by ocean waves. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 4 (4), 444—450 (1968) [in Russian].
7. Buchachenko A. L., Oraevskii V. N., Pokhotelov O. A., et al. Ionospheric precursors to earthquakes. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 166 (9), 1023—1029 (1996) [in Russian].
https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.0166.199609g.1023
8. Givishvili G. V. Quasi-steady ionospheric irregularities and small-scale circulation cells in a free atmosphere. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 30 (1), 90—97 (1990) [in Russian].
9. Gill A. E. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Vols.1-2: Vol.1, 400 p.; Vol.2, 416 p. (Mir, Moscow, 1986) [in Russian].
10. Golitsyn G. S. Statistics and Energetics of Tropical Cyclones. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 354 (4), 535—538 (1997) [in Russian].
11. Golitsyn G. S., Yaroshevich M. I. Specific features of the recurrence of tropical cyclones versus their energy. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 372 (4), 544—546 (2000) [in Russian].
12. Gossard E. E., Hooke W. H. Waves in the Atmosphere, 532 p. (Mir, Moscow, 1978) [in Russian].
13. Grigor’ev G. I. Acoustic-gravity waves in the earth’s atmosphere. Yzv. VUZov. Radyofyzyka, 42 (1), 3—25 (1999) [in Russian].
14. Drobyazko I. N., Krasilnikov V. N. Acoustic-gravity wave generation by atmospheric turbulence. Izv. vuzov. Radiofizika, 28 (11), 1357—1365 (1985) [in Russian].
15. Ivlev L. S. The chemical composition and structure of atmospheric aerosols, 366 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1982) [in Russian].
16. Isaev N. V., Sorokin V. M., Chmyrev V. M., et al. Disturbance of the Electric Field in the Ionosphere by Sea Storms and Typhoons. Kosmicheskie issledovanija, 40 (6), 591—597 (2002) [in Russian].
17. Isaev N. V., Sorokin V. M., Serebryakova O. N., Chmyrev V. M. Ionospheric electric fields related to sea storms and typhoons. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 42 (5), 670—675 (2002) [in Russian].
18. Kondratiev K. Ya., Pozdnyakov D. V. Aerosol Models of Atmosphere, 103 p. (Nauka, Moscow, 1981) [in Russian].
19. Kraus E. B. Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction, 295 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1979) [in Russian].
20. Kshevetskii S. P., Gavrilov N. M. Vertical propagation of nonlinear gravity waves and their breaking in the atmosphere. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 43 (1), 74—82 (2003) [in Russian].
21. Liperovsky V. A., Pokhotelov O. A., and Shalimov S. L. Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes, 304 p. (Nauka, Moscow, 1992) [in Russian].
22. Matveev Yu. L., Matveev L. T. Special features of the formation, development, and motion of tropical cyclones. Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk. Fiz. Atm. Okeana, 36 (6), 760—767 (2000) [in Russian].
23. Petrenchuk O. P. Experimental studies of the atmospheric aerosol, 264 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1979) [in Russian].
24. Pogoreltsev A. I., Pertsev N. N. The influence of background wind on the formation of the acoustic-gravity wave structure in the thermosphere. Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk. Fiz. Atm. Okeana, 31 (6), 755—760 (1995) [in Russian].
25. Ponomarev E. A., Erushhenkov A. I. Infrasound waves in the Earth's atmosphere (review). Izv. vuzov. Radiofizika, 20 (12), 1773—1789 (1977) [in Russian].
26. Reist P. C. Introduction to Aerosol Science, 280 p. (Mir, Moscow, 1987) [in Russian].
27. Sorokin V. M., Chmyrev V. M. Electric-field-induced instability of acoustic-gravity waves in the ionosphere. Geomagnetizm i ajeronomija, 39 (5), 38—45 (1999) [in Russian].
28. Sorokin V. M., Chmyrev V. M. Electrodynamic model of ionospheric precursors of earthquakes and certain types of disasters. Geomagnetizm i ajeronomija, 42 (6), 821—830 (2002) [in Russian].
29. Fizika Zemli, No. 11 (1985) [in Russian].
30. Khain A. P., Sutyrin G. G. Tropical Cyclones and Their Interaction with the Ocean, 272 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1983) [in Russian].
31. Chalmers J. A. Atmospheric electricity, 384 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1974) [in Russian].
32. Chernogor L. F. Global effects at local energy release in the geosphere. In: Netradicionnye nauchnye idei o prirode i ee javlenijah: Vsesojuz. konf, Vol. 2, 221—229 (Gomel', 1990) [in Russian].
33. Chernogor L. F. Infrasound Effects of Earthquakes and Their Precursors on Parameters of Near- Earth Space. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2 (4), 463—472
(1997) [in Russian].
34. Chernogor L. F. Energetics of the Processes Occurring on the Earth, in the Atmosphere and Near-Earth Space in Connection with the Project "Early Warning". Kosm. nauka tehnol., 5 (1), 38—47 (1999) [in Russian].
35. Chernogor L. F. Geospace - an open dynamic nonlinear system. Visnyk Kharkivs'kogo universytetu. Radiofizyka ta elektronika, No. 570, Is. 2, 175—180 (2002) [in Russian].
36. Chernogor L. F. Physics of Earth, Atmosphere, and Geospace from the Standpoint of System Paradigm. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 8 (1), 59—106 (2003) [in Russian].
37. Chernogor L. F. The Earth-atmosphere-geospace environment system as an opened dynamic nonlinear one. Kosm. nauka tehnol., 9 (5-6), 96—105 (2003) [in Russian].
38. Chernogor L. F. The Earth-Atmosphere-Ionosphere-Magnetosphere as an Open Dynamic Nonlinear System. In: Proceedings of the 5th Russian Scientific Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Vladimir, September 21—26, 2003, Vol. 1, 32—35 (Vladimir, 2003) [in Russian].
39. Chernogor L. F. The Earth-atmosphere-geospace environment system as an opened dynamic nonlinear one. In: 3rd Ukrainian Conference for Perspective Space Researches: Abstracts, 121 (Katsiveli, Crimea, 2003) [in Russian].
40. Chornogor L. F. The Earth-atmosphere-geospace environment system as an opened dynamic nonlinear one. In: Karazin’s Natural Science Studios: Proc. Intern. sci. conf., June 14—16, 2004, Kharkiv, 155—156 (Kharkiv, 2004) [in Ukrainian].
41. Shakina N. P. Hydrodynamic Instability in the Atmosphere, 309 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1990) [in Russian].
42. Shefov N. N. Solar activity and near-surface circulation as commensurate sources of variations of the thermal regime of the lower thermosphere. Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiia, 25 (5), 848—849 (1985) [in Russian].
43. Shuleikin V. V. Calculation of the Development, Motion, and Attenuation of Tropical Hurricanes and of Leading Waves Created by Them, 97 p. (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1978) [in Russian].
44. Yampolski Yu. M., Zalizovski A. V., Litvinenko L. M., et al. Magnetic Field Variations in Antarctica and the Conjugate Region (New England) Stimulated by Cyclone Activity. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 9 (3), 130 — 151 (2004) [in Russian].
45. Yaroshevich M. I., Ingel' L. Kh. Tropical Cyclone as Element of the "Ocean-Atmosphere" System. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 399 (3), 397—400 (2004) [in Russian].
46. Holzworth R. Y., Kelly M. S., Siefring C. L., et al. Electrical measurements in the atmosphere and the ionosphere over an active thunderstorm. 2. Direct current electric fields and conductivity. J. Geophys. Res., 90 (A10), 9824—9832 (1985).
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA090iA10p09824
47. Kelly M. S., Siefring C. L., Pfaff R. F., et al. Electrical measurements in the atmosphere and the ionosphere over an active thunderstorm. 1. Campaign overview and initial ionospheric results. J. Geophys. Res., 90 (A10), 9815—9824 (1985).
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA090iA10p09815

48. Mikhailowa G., Mikhailow Ya., Kapustina O. ULF-VLF electric fields in the external ionosphere over powerful typhuoons in Pacific oceans. International J. Geomag. Aeronomy, 2 (2), 153—158 (2000).