Міжнародно-правовий режим космічного простору між Res Communis та Res Nullius
Нігреєва, ОО |
Косм. наука технол. 2022, 28 ;(1):23-42 |
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.023 |
Мова публікації: Українська |
Анотація: Публікацію присвячено питанню міжнародно-правового режиму космічного простору. Робиться спроба визначити оптимальну модель міжнародно-правового регулювання відносин у сфері використання космічного простору та його ресурсів.
Досліджуються основні міжнародно-правові режими, застосовувані до просторів, що перебувають поза виключною національною юрисдикцією. Основну увагу приділено режимам res nullius, res communis, принципу загальної спадщини людства. Сучасне міжнародно-правове регулювання відносин, що складаються у зв’язку з дослідженням та використанням космічного простору, проаналізовано крізь призму цих режимів, а також у контексті категорії global commons, до яких часто зараховують космічний простір. Наголошується на тому, що останній категорії, хоча вона й є широко застосованою у сучасному науковому правовому дискурсі, бракує визначеності. Зважаючи на те що концепція публічних благ отримала особливий розвиток у економічній теорії, пропонується враховувати саме економічні властивості таких благ при розробленні режимів їхнього правового регулювання.
У роботі визначено особливості та комплексність відносин із використання космосу як об’єкта правового регулювання. Наголошується на необхідності формування комплексного міжнародно-правового режиму, який би поєднував елементи res nullius, res communis та загальної спадщини людства щодо об’єктів космічного простору із різними природними та, як наслідок, економічними властивостями.
Аналізуються останні тенденції у національній та міжнародній правотворчості, пов’язані із формуванням правового режиму експлуатації ресурсів небесних тіл та комерціалізацією цієї діяльності. Визначено їхній вплив на міжнародно-правовий режим космічного простору та тенденції його майбутньої еволюції. Наголошено на важливості виваженої національної позиції щодо формування правового регулювання комерційного видобутку ресурсів небесних тіл.
|
Ключові слова: global commons, res communis, res nullius, загальна спадщина людства, космічний простір, міжнародна правотворчість, міжнародно-правовий режим, програма «Артеміда», ресурси небесних тіл |
References:
1. Vidmachenko A. P. (2006). Small Bodies of the Solar System. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. Eds.: I. M. Dziuba, A. I. Zhukovsky, M. G. Zheleznyak, et al. Kyiv: Institute of Encyclopedic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. URL: http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=63101 (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian]
2. Grimm D. D. (1919). Lectures on the Dogma of Roman Law: A Guide for Students. 6th ed., corrected and ed. Kiev: Society of Printing and Publishing of Authors-Publishers “Voice”. URL: https://dspace.spbu.ru/handle/11701/18236?mode=full (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
3. Gurova A. M. (2017). Legal Regulation of Mining and Appropriation of Space Resources: Perspective or Adventure. Constitutional state, 28, 493—501 [in Ukrainian].
4. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space: Resolution of the UN General Assembly No. 1962 (XVIII) of December 13, 1963. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/outerspace_princi... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
5. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 1967 (entered into force: 10.10.67). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_480#Text (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian].
6. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (2017), 60th session (June 7—16, 2017). URL: https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/aac_105l/aac_105l... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
7. A Vicious Circle: The Struggle for Resources Leads to Conflicts That Destroy Nature (2020): UN News, 17.09.2020. URL:https://news.un.org/ru/story/2020/09/1386042 (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
8. Ivanov E. (2009). Geocadastral Studies of Mining Areas: Monograph. Lviv: Ivan Franko Lviv National University Publishing Center [in Ukrainian].
9. Kirpachova M. (2020). Behind the Scenes of the Artemis Accords: Analysis of Political and Legal Aspects. Vox Ukraine, 17.11.20. URL: https://voxukraine.org/tag/nasa/ (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian].
10. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (entered into force: 16.11.94). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_057#Text (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
11. Lukashuk I. I. (2005). International law. Special part: textbook. 3rd ed. Moscow: Walters Clover [in Russian].
12. Malysheva N. R. (2021). International Legal Framework for the Development of Resources of the Moon, Mars and Other Celestial Bodies. Space Science and Technology, № 4 (131), 74—82 [in Ukrainian].
13. International Law: textbook. Ed. A. N. Vylegzhanin. 2nd ed. Moscow: Yurayt, 2010 [in Russian].
14. Mirzaee S. (2018). The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in Modern International Law: PhD thesis. Moscow [in Russian].
15. Nihreieva O. O. (2014). International Customary Lawmaking: Some Aspects. Current Problems of State and Law, 74, 123—128 [in Ukrainian].
16. Pashchenko I. Y. (2014). The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in Modern International Law and the Problems of Its Implementation. Sci. Time, № 2, 50—55 [in Russian].
17. Pilipenko A. N., Gorbanev V. S. (2018). Global Goods in the Structure of Public Purpose Goods. Socio-Economic Res. Bull., № 2 (66), 19—28 [in Russian].
18. Podberezkin A. I., Kharkevich M. V. (2015). Peace and War in the XXI Century: The Experience of Long-Term Forecasting of International Relations. Moscow: MGIMO-University [in Russian].
19. Radionov Y. D. (2017). Theory of Production and Provision of Public Goods. Scientific Bull. Uzhhorod Na. Univ. Ser.: Int. Economic Relations and the World Economy, 11, 129—133 [in Ukrainian].
20. Sotnik I. M., Shevelyova D. S. (2015). The Struggle for Limited Resources as a Basis for Military Conflicts. Economic Problems of Sustainable Development: mater. of Int. scientific-practical conf. (Sumy, May 27, 2015). Sumy: SSU, 40—42 [in Ukrainian].
21. Thirty Years of the Moon Agreement: Outcomes and Prospects: Unedited Transcript, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee (Symposium, Vienna, 23 March 2009). URL: https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/transcripts/legal/LEGAL_T784R.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
22. Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (entered into force: 11.07.84). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_482#Text (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian].
23. Alshdaifat Sh. A. (2018). Who Owns What in Outer Space? Dilemmas regarding the Common Heritage of Mankind. Pécs J. Int. and Eur. Law. Vol. II, 21—43 [in English].
24. Anderson S. W., Christensen K., LaManna J. (2018). The Development of Natural Resources in Outer Space. J. Energy & Natural Resources Law, 36, 1—32 [in English].
25. Atkinson N. (2015). What Are Asteroids Made of? URL: https://www.universetoday.com/37425/what-are-asteroids-madeof/ (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
26. Bizzarri K. (2005). Beni pubblici globali. Come gestire la globalizzazione nel 21° Secolo. Firenze: Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale, Fondazione Culturale Responsabilità Etica [in Italian].
27. Buttigieg J. (2012). The Common Heritage of Mankind: From the Law of the Sea to the Human Genome and Cyberspace. Symposia Melitensia, 8, 81—92 [in English].
28. Bosselmann K. (2017). Governing the Global Commons: the “Planetary Boundaries” Approach. Policy Quarterly, 13(1), 37—42 [in English].
29. Capurso A. (2018). The Non-Appropriation Principle: A Roman Interpretation: 69th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, October 1—5, 2018. URL: http://iislweb.org/awards-and-competitions/diederiksverschoor-award/ (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
30. Cherian J. G., Abraham J. (2007). Concept of Private Property in Space – An Analysis. J. International Commercial Law and Technology, 2, № 4, 211—220 [in English].
31. Cocca A. A. (1971). Mankind as the New Legal Subject: A New Juridical Dimension Recognized by the UN. IISL Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 14, 209—218 [in English].
32. Collis C. (2017). Territories beyond possession? Antarctica and Outer Space. Polar J., № 7(2), 287—302. URL: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/110967/2/110967.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
33. Deplano R. (2021). The Artemis Accords: Evolution or Revolution in International Space Law? International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 70, № 3, 799—819 [in English].
34. Ericsson M., Söderholm P. (2010). Mineral Depletion and Peak Production: POLINARES working paper n. 7. Brussels: POLINARES Consortium [in English].
35. Force M. K. (2016). “The Paradox of United States” Position on Regulation of Space Resource Extraction. Proceedings of the IISL, № 9, 259—277 [in English].
36. Forrest C. (2007). Cultural heritage as the common heritage of humankind: a critical re-evaluation. Comp. and Int. Law J. South. Afr.-Cilsa, 40 (1), 124—151 [in English].
37. Global Commons: Expert Paper Series Two. Secretariat of the International Task Force on Global Public Goods. Stockholm: Erlanders Infologistics Väst AB, 2006 [in English].
38. Global Governance and Governance of the Global Commons in the Global Partnership for Development Beyond 2015: Report. UN System Task Force on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Thematic Think Piece by OHCHR, OHRLLS, UNDESA, UNEP, UNFPA, 2013. URL: = http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/untaskteam_undf/thinkpieces... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
39. Guntrip E. (2003). The Common Heritage of Mankind: an Adequate Regime for Managing the Deep Seabed? Melbourne J. Int. Law, № 4 (2), 376—405 [in English].
40. Heise J. (2018). Space, the Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework. Michigan J. Int. Law, 40, № 1, 189—213 [in English].
41. Jeff Bezos Says Sales of Blue Origin Space Tourist Flights Are ‘Approaching $100 Million’ Already, July 20, 2021. URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-tourist-sal... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
42. Kaul I., Mendoza R. U. (2003). Advancing the Concept of Public Goods. Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization. Eds I. Kaul, P. Conceicao, K. Le Goulven, R. U. Mendoza. Oxford: Oxford University Press [in English].
43. Leon A. M. (2018). Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources. Virginia Law Review, 104, 497—546 [in English].
44. Masson-Zwaan T., Palkovitz N. (2017). Regulation of Space Resource Rights: Meeting the Needs of States and Private Parties. Questions of International Law, № 35, 5—18 [in English].
45. Nelson J. W. (2020). The Artemis Accords and the Future of International Space Law. Insights, 24, № 31, 1—7 [in English].
46. Novelty Merchant Raided over ‘Lunar Subdivision’: Published on May 25, 2004. URL: https://www.expatica.com/de/uncategorized/novelty-merchant-raided-over-l... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
47. Noyes J. E. (2011—2012). The Common Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future. Denver J. Int. Law and Policy, 40 (1—3), 447—471 [in English].
48. On the Exploration and Use of Space Resources: Law of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg of July 20th, 2017. URL: https://spaceagencypublic.lu/en/agency/legal-framework/law_space_resourc... translation.html (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
49. Pardo A. (1984). Ocean, Space and Mankind. Third World Quarterly, 6, № 3, 559—572 [in English].
50. Pop V. (2004). Extraterrestrial Real Estate: Debunking the Myth: Paper presented at the 47th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, 6 October 2004. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
314236538_ Extraterrestrial_Real_Estate_Debunking_the_Myth (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
51. Resource Scarcity – A Global Security Threat? (2011). Eds S.-A. Mildner, S. Richter, G. Lauster. SWP Research Paper. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik [in English].
52. Samuelson P. (1954). The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure. Rev. Econ. and Statist., № 36, 387—389 [in English].
53. Shaw M. (2008). International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [in English].
54. Space Resource Utilization and the Artemis Accords: Proposal, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment of New Zealand,June 30, 2021. URL: https://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/15305-space-resource-utilisation-an... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
55. Stang G. (2013). Global Commons: Between Cooperation and Competition. European Union Institute for security studies, 1—4. URL: https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/global-commons-between-cooperation-and... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
56. The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes, signed 13.10.20. URL: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
57. The Lunar Gold Rush: How Moon Mining Could Work, May 29, 2015. URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/thelunar-gold-rush-how-moon-mining... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
58. Toppetta A. (2017). Beni comuni: dalla tragedia alla riscoperta: Tesi di Master. Roma. URL: https:// tesi.luiss.it/id/eprint/19924 (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Italian].
59. U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act: Public Law 114-90 of November 25, 2015. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/pdf/PLAW-114publ90.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
60. Weiss E. B. (2014). Nature and the Law: the Global Commons and the Common Concern of Humankind. Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Extra Series 41, 1—16. URL: www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/es41/es41-brownweiss.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
61. Wolfrum R. (1983). The Principle of the Common Heritage of Humankind. Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 312—337. URL: http://www.zaoerv.de (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
62. Wrench J. G. (2019). Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining. Case Western Reserve J. Inter. Law, 51, № 1, 437-462.
2. Grimm D. D. (1919). Lectures on the Dogma of Roman Law: A Guide for Students. 6th ed., corrected and ed. Kiev: Society of Printing and Publishing of Authors-Publishers “Voice”. URL: https://dspace.spbu.ru/handle/11701/18236?mode=full (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
3. Gurova A. M. (2017). Legal Regulation of Mining and Appropriation of Space Resources: Perspective or Adventure. Constitutional state, 28, 493—501 [in Ukrainian].
4. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space: Resolution of the UN General Assembly No. 1962 (XVIII) of December 13, 1963. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/outerspace_princi... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
5. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 1967 (entered into force: 10.10.67). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_480#Text (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian].
6. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (2017), 60th session (June 7—16, 2017). URL: https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/aac_105l/aac_105l... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
7. A Vicious Circle: The Struggle for Resources Leads to Conflicts That Destroy Nature (2020): UN News, 17.09.2020. URL:https://news.un.org/ru/story/2020/09/1386042 (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
8. Ivanov E. (2009). Geocadastral Studies of Mining Areas: Monograph. Lviv: Ivan Franko Lviv National University Publishing Center [in Ukrainian].
9. Kirpachova M. (2020). Behind the Scenes of the Artemis Accords: Analysis of Political and Legal Aspects. Vox Ukraine, 17.11.20. URL: https://voxukraine.org/tag/nasa/ (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian].
10. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (entered into force: 16.11.94). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_057#Text (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
11. Lukashuk I. I. (2005). International law. Special part: textbook. 3rd ed. Moscow: Walters Clover [in Russian].
12. Malysheva N. R. (2021). International Legal Framework for the Development of Resources of the Moon, Mars and Other Celestial Bodies. Space Science and Technology, № 4 (131), 74—82 [in Ukrainian].
13. International Law: textbook. Ed. A. N. Vylegzhanin. 2nd ed. Moscow: Yurayt, 2010 [in Russian].
14. Mirzaee S. (2018). The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in Modern International Law: PhD thesis. Moscow [in Russian].
15. Nihreieva O. O. (2014). International Customary Lawmaking: Some Aspects. Current Problems of State and Law, 74, 123—128 [in Ukrainian].
16. Pashchenko I. Y. (2014). The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in Modern International Law and the Problems of Its Implementation. Sci. Time, № 2, 50—55 [in Russian].
17. Pilipenko A. N., Gorbanev V. S. (2018). Global Goods in the Structure of Public Purpose Goods. Socio-Economic Res. Bull., № 2 (66), 19—28 [in Russian].
18. Podberezkin A. I., Kharkevich M. V. (2015). Peace and War in the XXI Century: The Experience of Long-Term Forecasting of International Relations. Moscow: MGIMO-University [in Russian].
19. Radionov Y. D. (2017). Theory of Production and Provision of Public Goods. Scientific Bull. Uzhhorod Na. Univ. Ser.: Int. Economic Relations and the World Economy, 11, 129—133 [in Ukrainian].
20. Sotnik I. M., Shevelyova D. S. (2015). The Struggle for Limited Resources as a Basis for Military Conflicts. Economic Problems of Sustainable Development: mater. of Int. scientific-practical conf. (Sumy, May 27, 2015). Sumy: SSU, 40—42 [in Ukrainian].
21. Thirty Years of the Moon Agreement: Outcomes and Prospects: Unedited Transcript, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee (Symposium, Vienna, 23 March 2009). URL: https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/transcripts/legal/LEGAL_T784R.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Russian].
22. Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (entered into force: 11.07.84). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_482#Text (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Ukrainian].
23. Alshdaifat Sh. A. (2018). Who Owns What in Outer Space? Dilemmas regarding the Common Heritage of Mankind. Pécs J. Int. and Eur. Law. Vol. II, 21—43 [in English].
24. Anderson S. W., Christensen K., LaManna J. (2018). The Development of Natural Resources in Outer Space. J. Energy & Natural Resources Law, 36, 1—32 [in English].
25. Atkinson N. (2015). What Are Asteroids Made of? URL: https://www.universetoday.com/37425/what-are-asteroids-madeof/ (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
26. Bizzarri K. (2005). Beni pubblici globali. Come gestire la globalizzazione nel 21° Secolo. Firenze: Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale, Fondazione Culturale Responsabilità Etica [in Italian].
27. Buttigieg J. (2012). The Common Heritage of Mankind: From the Law of the Sea to the Human Genome and Cyberspace. Symposia Melitensia, 8, 81—92 [in English].
28. Bosselmann K. (2017). Governing the Global Commons: the “Planetary Boundaries” Approach. Policy Quarterly, 13(1), 37—42 [in English].
29. Capurso A. (2018). The Non-Appropriation Principle: A Roman Interpretation: 69th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, October 1—5, 2018. URL: http://iislweb.org/awards-and-competitions/diederiksverschoor-award/ (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
30. Cherian J. G., Abraham J. (2007). Concept of Private Property in Space – An Analysis. J. International Commercial Law and Technology, 2, № 4, 211—220 [in English].
31. Cocca A. A. (1971). Mankind as the New Legal Subject: A New Juridical Dimension Recognized by the UN. IISL Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 14, 209—218 [in English].
32. Collis C. (2017). Territories beyond possession? Antarctica and Outer Space. Polar J., № 7(2), 287—302. URL: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/110967/2/110967.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
33. Deplano R. (2021). The Artemis Accords: Evolution or Revolution in International Space Law? International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 70, № 3, 799—819 [in English].
34. Ericsson M., Söderholm P. (2010). Mineral Depletion and Peak Production: POLINARES working paper n. 7. Brussels: POLINARES Consortium [in English].
35. Force M. K. (2016). “The Paradox of United States” Position on Regulation of Space Resource Extraction. Proceedings of the IISL, № 9, 259—277 [in English].
36. Forrest C. (2007). Cultural heritage as the common heritage of humankind: a critical re-evaluation. Comp. and Int. Law J. South. Afr.-Cilsa, 40 (1), 124—151 [in English].
37. Global Commons: Expert Paper Series Two. Secretariat of the International Task Force on Global Public Goods. Stockholm: Erlanders Infologistics Väst AB, 2006 [in English].
38. Global Governance and Governance of the Global Commons in the Global Partnership for Development Beyond 2015: Report. UN System Task Force on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Thematic Think Piece by OHCHR, OHRLLS, UNDESA, UNEP, UNFPA, 2013. URL: = http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/untaskteam_undf/thinkpieces... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
39. Guntrip E. (2003). The Common Heritage of Mankind: an Adequate Regime for Managing the Deep Seabed? Melbourne J. Int. Law, № 4 (2), 376—405 [in English].
40. Heise J. (2018). Space, the Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework. Michigan J. Int. Law, 40, № 1, 189—213 [in English].
41. Jeff Bezos Says Sales of Blue Origin Space Tourist Flights Are ‘Approaching $100 Million’ Already, July 20, 2021. URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-tourist-sal... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
42. Kaul I., Mendoza R. U. (2003). Advancing the Concept of Public Goods. Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization. Eds I. Kaul, P. Conceicao, K. Le Goulven, R. U. Mendoza. Oxford: Oxford University Press [in English].
43. Leon A. M. (2018). Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources. Virginia Law Review, 104, 497—546 [in English].
44. Masson-Zwaan T., Palkovitz N. (2017). Regulation of Space Resource Rights: Meeting the Needs of States and Private Parties. Questions of International Law, № 35, 5—18 [in English].
45. Nelson J. W. (2020). The Artemis Accords and the Future of International Space Law. Insights, 24, № 31, 1—7 [in English].
46. Novelty Merchant Raided over ‘Lunar Subdivision’: Published on May 25, 2004. URL: https://www.expatica.com/de/uncategorized/novelty-merchant-raided-over-l... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
47. Noyes J. E. (2011—2012). The Common Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future. Denver J. Int. Law and Policy, 40 (1—3), 447—471 [in English].
48. On the Exploration and Use of Space Resources: Law of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg of July 20th, 2017. URL: https://spaceagencypublic.lu/en/agency/legal-framework/law_space_resourc... translation.html (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
49. Pardo A. (1984). Ocean, Space and Mankind. Third World Quarterly, 6, № 3, 559—572 [in English].
50. Pop V. (2004). Extraterrestrial Real Estate: Debunking the Myth: Paper presented at the 47th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, 6 October 2004. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
314236538_ Extraterrestrial_Real_Estate_Debunking_the_Myth (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
51. Resource Scarcity – A Global Security Threat? (2011). Eds S.-A. Mildner, S. Richter, G. Lauster. SWP Research Paper. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik [in English].
52. Samuelson P. (1954). The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure. Rev. Econ. and Statist., № 36, 387—389 [in English].
53. Shaw M. (2008). International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [in English].
54. Space Resource Utilization and the Artemis Accords: Proposal, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment of New Zealand,June 30, 2021. URL: https://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/15305-space-resource-utilisation-an... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
55. Stang G. (2013). Global Commons: Between Cooperation and Competition. European Union Institute for security studies, 1—4. URL: https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/global-commons-between-cooperation-and... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
56. The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes, signed 13.10.20. URL: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
57. The Lunar Gold Rush: How Moon Mining Could Work, May 29, 2015. URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/thelunar-gold-rush-how-moon-mining... (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
58. Toppetta A. (2017). Beni comuni: dalla tragedia alla riscoperta: Tesi di Master. Roma. URL: https:// tesi.luiss.it/id/eprint/19924 (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in Italian].
59. U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act: Public Law 114-90 of November 25, 2015. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/pdf/PLAW-114publ90.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
60. Weiss E. B. (2014). Nature and the Law: the Global Commons and the Common Concern of Humankind. Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Extra Series 41, 1—16. URL: www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/es41/es41-brownweiss.pdf (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
61. Wolfrum R. (1983). The Principle of the Common Heritage of Humankind. Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 312—337. URL: http://www.zaoerv.de (Last accessed: 30.07.2021) [in English].
62. Wrench J. G. (2019). Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining. Case Western Reserve J. Inter. Law, 51, № 1, 437-462.