Identification of earthquakes using satellite measurements of ionospheric plasma disturbances

1Shuvalov, VA, 2Makarov, AL, 3Lazuchenkov, DN
1Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine
2Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Dnipro, Ukraine
3Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine
Space Sci.&Technol. 2016, 22 ;(1):64-78
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2016.01.064
Publication Language: Russian
Abstract: 
We analyze the ionospheric precursors of earthquakes; determine the possibilities of their recording using probing systems of the spacecraft diagnostics equipment. We consider a spacecraft diagnostics equipment designed to record disturbances of the kinetic parameters of ionospheric plasma, electromagnetic radiation, emission of high-energy protons and electrons (ionospheric precursors of earthquakes). It is shown that such a complex may be used in a synchronous mode of instruments operation for detecting earthquakes that emerge along the satellite ground track.
Keywords: disturbance identification, earthquake, ionospheric plasma, probe measurements, spacecraft
References: 
1. Aleshina M. E., Voronov S. A., Galper A. M. et al. On relationship between the earthquake centers and the region of the high-energy particle precipitations from the radiation belt. Cosmic Research, 30 (1),79—83 (1992) [in Russian]. 
2. Al'pert Ja. L. Waves and artificial bodies in the surface plasma (Volny i iskusstvennye tela v prizemnoj plazme), 214 p. (Nauka, Moscow, 1974) [in Russian]. 
3. Birjukov A. S., Grigorjan O. R., Kuznecov S. N., Oraevskij V. N., Panasjuk M. I., Pulinec S. A., Chmyrev V. N. Space Physics and Ecology: effects of earthquakes on the ionospheric heights (Kosmicheskaja fizika i jekologija: jeffekty ot zemletrjasenij na ionosfernyh vysotah), Engineering Ecology, N 5, 92—115 (1996) [in Russian]. 
4. Voronov S. A., Gal'per A. M., Kirillov-Ugryumov V. G. et al. Measurements of the flux increase of the high-energy particles in the region of Brasil geomagnetic anomaly on the September 10, 1985. Cosmic Research, 27 (4),629—631 (1989) [in Russian]. 
5. Galperin Yu. I., Gladyshev V. A., Jorjio N. V. et al. Energetic particles precipitation from the magnetosphere above the epicenter of approaching earthquake. Cosmic Research,  30 (1),89—106 (1992) [in Russian]. 
6. Gohberg M. B., Pilipenko V. A., Pohotelov O. A. Observations of the electromagnetic radiation from satellite over the epicentral area of the forthcoming earthquake (Nabljudenija so sputnika jelektromagnitnogo izluchenija nad jepicentral'noj oblast'ju gotovjashhegosja zemletrjasenija). Dokl. AN SSSR, 268(1), 56—58 (1983) [in Russian]. 
7. Legen'ka A. D., Hegai V. V., Kim V. P. Comparison of variations in the F2 layer critical frequency before the strong Italian earthquakes and during the magnetic storm: Data of  the stations for ground-based vertical sounding of the ionosphere. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 47 (4), 563—570 (2007) [in Russian]. 
https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016793207040159
8. Shuvalov V. A., Lazuchenkov D. N., Nosikov S. V., Kochubey G. S. Identification of earthquakes with the use of Sich-2 probe measurements of ionospheric plasma erturbations. Kosm. nauka tehnol, 19 (5), 16—26 (2013) [in Russian].
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2013.05.016
9. Boskova J., Smilauer J., Triska P., Kudela K. Anomalous behavior of plasma parameters as observed by the Intercosmos 24 satellite prior to the Iranian earthquake of 20 june 1990. Stud. geophys. ed geod, 38, 213—217 (1994). 
10. Bowman D. D., Ouillon G., Sammis C. G., Sornette A., Sornette D. An observation test of the critical earthquake concept. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 24359—24372 (1998). 
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00792
11. Davis B. Studying the ionosphere with Langmuir probe with an application to seismic monitoring. Final report. ASEN 5168: Remote Sensing, 11 p. (2012) 
12. Dobrovolsky I. R., Zubrin S. I., Myachkin V. I. Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones. Pageophys117, 1025—1044 (1979). 
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876083
13. He Y., Yang D., Qian J., Parrot M. Anomaly of the ionospheric electron density close to earthquake: Case studies of Pu’er and Wenchuan earthquakes. Earthing Sci. 24, 549—555 (2011). 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-011-0816-0
14. He Y., Yang D., Zhu R., Qian J., Parrot M. Variations of electron density and temperature in ionosphere based on the DEMETER ISL data. Earth Sci. 23, 349—355 (2010). 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-010-0732-8
15. Huang Y. N., Cheng K. Solar cycle variations of the equatorial ionosperic anomaly in total electron content in the Asian region. J. Geophys. Res. 101A (11), 24513—24520  (1996).
 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA01297
16. Larkina V. I., Migulin V. V., Molchanov O. A., et al. Some statistical results on very low frequency radiowave emission in the upper ionosphere over earthquake zones. Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. 57, 100—103 (1989). 
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90219-7
17. Lebreton J. P., Stverak S., Travnicek P., et al. Langmuir probe experiment processing on board DEMETER. Scientific objectives, description and first results. Planet. and Space Sci. 54, P. 98 (2006). 
18. Oyama K. I., Lakshmi D. R., Kutiev I., Abdu M. A. Low latitude Ne and Te variation at 600 km during 1 March 1982 storm from HINOTORI Satellite. Earth and Planets Space, 57, 871—878 (2005). 
https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03351864
19. Pulinets S., Davidenko D. Ionospheric precursors of earthquake and Global Electric Circuit. Adv. Space Res. 53, 709—723 (2014). 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.12.035
20. Pulinets S., Morozova L., Yudin I. Synchronization of atmospheric indicators at the lost stage of earthquake preparation cycle. Res. Geophys., 4(1), 45—50 (2014).
DOI: 10.4081/rg.2014.4898.
https://doi.org/10.4081/rg.2014.4898
21. Reddy B. M., Brace L. H., Findlay J. A. The ionosphere at 640 kilometers on quiet and disturbed days. J. Geophys. Res., 72 (11), 2709—2727 (1967). 
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ072i011p02709
22. Richards P. G. Ion and neutral density variations during ionospheric storms in September 1974: Comparison of measurement and models. J. Geophys Res., 107A (11), 1 — 12 (2002). 
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002ja009278
23. Sarkar S., Chondhary S., Sonakia A., Vishwakarma A., Gwal A. K. Ionospheric anomalies associated with the Haiti earthquake of 12 January 2010 observed by DEMETER satellite. Natural, Hazards and Earth System Sci. 12, 671 — 678 (2012). 
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-671-2012
24. Senbett L., Henley J. Distribution of plasma density and potential around mesothermal ionospheric object. J. Geophys. Res. 94A (5), 5441—5448 (1989). 
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA094iA05p05441
25. Sharma D. K., Ray J., Chand R., Israil M. Effects of seismic activities on ion temperature in the F2 region of the ionosphere. Atmosphera, 19 (1), 1—7 (2006). 
26. Sharma D. K., Ray J., Israil M., Chopra P., Garg S. C. Enhancement in electron and ion temperatures due to solar flares as measured by SROSS — C2 satellite. Ann. Geophys., 22, 2047—2052 (2004). 
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2047-2004
27. Shawhan S. D., Murphy G. B., Fortna D. L. Measurement of electromagnetic interference on OV12 Columbia using the plasma diagnostics package. J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 21 (4), 392—397 (1984). 
https://doi.org/10.2514/3.25668
28. Shuvalov V. A., Pis’mennyi N. I., Lazuchenkov D. N., Kochubey G. S. Probe diagnostics of laboratory and ionospheric rarefied plasma flows. Instrum. and Experimental Techniques, 56 (4), 459—467 (2013). 
https://doi.org/10.1134/S002044121304009X
29. Singh V., Chanhan V., Singh O., Singh B. Ionospheric effect of earthquakes as determined from ground based TEC measurement and satellite data. Indian J. Radio and Space Phys., 39 (4), 63—70 (2010). 
30. Vagner B. V., Ferguson D. C. Low-frequency waves in the plasma environment around the Shuttle. J. Spacecraft and Rockets,. 33 (2), 255—261 (1996). 
https://doi.org/10.2514/3.26749
31. Zhang X., Shen X., Lin J., Qnyang X., Qian J., Zhao S. Analysis of ionospheric plasma perturbation before Wenchuan earthquake. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1259—1266 (2009).
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1259-2009